Spring 2012
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology (BSc IT) – Semester 3
BT0077 – Multimedia Systems – 2 Credits (Book ID: B1004)
Assignment Set – 1 (30 Marks)
1. What is Multimedia?
Ans. - Multimediais media and content that uses a combination of different content forms. The term can be used as a noun (a medium with multiple content forms) or as an adjective describing a medium as having multiple content forms. The term is used in contrast to media which use only rudimentary computer display such as text-only or traditional forms of printed or hand-produced material. Multimedia includes a combination of text, audio, still images, animation, video, or interactivity content forms.
Multimedia is usually recorded and played, displayed or accessed by information contentprocessing devices, such as computerized and electronic devices, but can also be part of a live performance. Multimedia (as an adjective) also describes electronic media devices used to store and experience multimedia content. Multimedia is distinguished from mixed media in fine art; by including audio, for example, it has a broader scope. The term "rich media" is synonymous for interactive multimedia. Hypermedia can be considered one particular multimedia application.
2. Briefly explain elements of drawings.
Ans. -Elements are actually the basics of drawing that are very essential to be known. The various elements of drawing are as follows:
1. Point 2. Line 3. Shapes 4. Tone & Shadow 5. Plane 6. Texture 7. Colour 8. Mass 9. Space
These elements are common to all forms of arts such as painting, sculpture, architecture, etc. They are used in combination for giving some meaning to the art form. We will now examine these elements in detail to get a better understanding of these concepts.
1. Point:-
Important element of drawing is a point. A point is where a drawing starts. It is nothing but a dot, and is the simplest of all the elements. Even while writing, we begin with a point. Every drawing begins with a point. It is the most preliminary aspect of any pictorial and graphic representation. Points can be employed in several ways, for instance, they can project expressions.
2. Line: - Line is the most basic design 'tool'. A line has length, width, tone, and texture. It may divide space, define a form, describe contour, and suggest direction. Lines are elementary in all sorts of geometric constructions. They have vast applicability and are easy to implement.
Although a point is the simplest element to understand, the line is the easiest to follow. Lines are elementary for all visual arts. Drawings are more or less based on the usage of line. The usual meaning of a line is that it represents edge. Line is a thread-like marking as with a pen, pencil, etc. The Swiss artist Paul Klee defined line “as a dot out for walk”.
3. Shapes: - Shape occurs when the first line is drawn. The most basic definition of shape is the white area on the paper. Shape is the information that is presented between two or more lines, or is the thing that is enclosed by line. Shape helps define the object that is depicted as much as the collection of lines that make up the object in the drawing. Incorrect use of shape will cause the drawing to "not look like what it's supposed to be."
4. Tone and Shadow: - Shadow and tone are the methods we use to trick the brain into seeing a two-dimensional object as a three-dimensional one. The following examples are a comparison of the same objects prior to shading and after adding some drawing technique. Some other changes such as size and positions were done to create a more interesting display.
You can see that by adding some tone or shading to an illustration, you can give the objects the illusion of shape. How you render texture, tone and shadow will add much to your drawing ability and make your subject more interesting.
5. Plane:-
While dabbing with the art of letting, we find ourselves obliged inevitably to shift our attention from stressing on lines to the equally important employment of backgrounds spaces. Such spaces are two-dimensional denoting space that possesses height and weight or length and breadth but never depth. They comprise of plane, which has a completely flat surface. Such a surface may be parallel to the observer. It may also be a right angle or diagonal to the observer. Just as a point has position and line has got direction, a plane has extension because it covers an area in any direction. Say for example. If you are looking at this page, then it is a plane with no depth. A plane has extension because it covers an area in any direction. It may be at a right angle or diagonal to the observer.
6. Texture: - Texture refers to the surface quality of an actual or represented substance. There are two kinds of texture that are stated below.
Texture describes the tactile quality of a form. Accurate rendering of an object's texture is the key to very realistic (particularly 'photo-realistic') drawing.
7. Colour: - Colour is simply light of different wavelengths and frequencies and light is just one form of energy that we can actually see that is made up from photons. We are all surrounded by electromagnetic waves of energy of which colour is just a small part. Colour is the by-product of the spectrum of light, as it is reflected or absorbed, as received by the human eye and processed by the human brain. It's also a great design element!
Here’s a surface level overview of how it all works:
The world is full of light. Visible light is made of seven wavelength groups. These are the colours you see in a rainbow: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet – the Mr. ROY G. BIV you might have been introduced to in elementary school science. The reddish colours are the long wavelengths. The greenish colours are the mid-size wavelengths. The bluish colour is the short wavelengths.
8. Mass: - “Mass refers to substance and matter and can be a powerful visual tool”. Painting and graphics arts are only two-dimensional, possessing height and width, while other visual arts are three-dimensional, having depth as well. They utilize an element which painting can possess only by illusion i.e. the element of mass, which consists in the bulk or quantity of matter.
9. Space: - We are prone to ignore space as mere surplus room left over after material substance has occupied what it want. But space in which to live, move about, and breathe is just as important as living matter itself, and open space that has the potential of being occupied, must be considered as another kind of volume, important to art, as it is to life. Space fits into any 3-D work as, in the form of negative area entering the structure of a 2-D work and any space not occupied by mass should be regarded in a like manner as a negative space. Space stretches in the tension between one line and another. The surface of your drawing contains a distinction between shapes in the form of positive and negative space. Positive space refers to the shape of the object drawn. Negative space describes the area surrounding the positive shapes.
3. What are the characteristics of colour?
Ans. - Colour theorists have defined three characteristics of colours (3 dimensions of colour)
1. Hue-name of the colour.
2. Value-lightness or darkness of colour.
3. Intensity-dullness or brightness of colour.
1. Hue: - The name of colour is known as hue. For example, green, red, blue, etc.
2. Value: - Lightness or darkness of a colour is known as its value. White colour when added to a primary colour to make it light is called 'tint'. Darkness in colour is achieved by adding black colour to the pure colour and is known as 'shade'. White colour has minimum value whereas black colour has maximum.
3.Intensity: -Brightness or dullness in colour is known as intensity. The best way to lessen the intensity of a colour is to add its supplementary colour. Bright colours have more intensity and dull are monotonous.
These characteristics are helpful in the proper selection and use of colours.
4. Briefly explain ancient writing system.
Ans. - The earlier forms of writings were on stone and cave walls comprising of cuneiforms images. Original ancient text can be traced back to the middle ages. The design of type began with early cuneiform images carved into stone or painted on cave walls. The tradition expanded into black letter calligraphy in the middle ages, then flourished in the industrial age with the development of Roman (serif) and then Gothic (San serif) letterforms. Now, with the advent of PC‟s anyone can create a typeface; there are literally thousands available.
5. What is inverted symmetry?
Ans. - Inverted symmetry is where the principle of symmetry is applied with half inverted like that of playing cards.
Spring 2012
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology (BSc IT) – Semester 3
BT0077 – Multimedia Systems – 2 Credits (Book ID: B1004)
Assignment Set – 2 (30 Marks)
1. Briefly explain elements of multimedia.
Ans. - Multimedia is comprised of several elements including text, graphics, sound, video, and animation. Following are brief explanations of each multimedia element and how they can be used:
Text is perhaps the most fundamental element of any multimedia project. Text-based information can also be gathered from resource CDs and the Internet. Applications such as Photoshop can be used to add visual effects to text to create a more appealing presentation. Graphics can be incorporated into a multimedia project in the form of photographs or designs. Graphic images can be imported from a variety of resources such as the Internet, a digital camera, a scanner, or resource CDs such as Art Mania 12,000. Original graphic designs can be created with applications such as Hyper Studio, Movie Works, and Photoshop LE.
Audio, or sound, is a multimedia tool that is frequently used for the purpose of e-Learning courses and training. In general terms, sound can be described as the “vibrations that travel through air and can be heard by humans”. Sound requires the use of different software to allow for the programming of this medium and when using sound in multimedia there are many options of technologies that can be utilized to edit the sound file including Real Audio, QuickTime and Flash. Real Audio is obviously used in the editing/programming of sound files, however it was specifically developed as a “streaming media format” which means that sound can be played even as it is being downloaded. Moving images or video can be incorporated into a multimedia project as QuickTime movies. QuickTime Pro, Hyper Studio, and Movie Works can be used with a camcorder or VCR to create and edit QuickTime movies. These programs can also import movies from the Internet and from resource CDs such as The Archives of History.
Movies that can depict a 360-degree panorama or a movable object can also be incorporated into a multimedia project. These virtual reality movies, often referred to as QuickTime VR movies, can be created with QuickTime VR Authoring Studio for playback and be incorporated into programs such as Hyper Studio, Movie Works, and QuickTime ProGraphics that contain movement are often referred to as animation. Animation files can be downloaded from the Internet in the form of animated GIF files and viewed with QuickTime Pro, Hyper Studio, and Movie Works. Hyper Studio and Movie Works can also be used to create and edit both frame and path animation.
2. How do you define the drawing?
Ans. - Drawing as always been the essence of most art forms. Since the beginnings of mankind it has always been the closest form to nature. It is another form of language to express nature, creativity, (creativity which comes from nature and what we see) and mankind.
Drawing is the act of creating a representation of any subject by the use of lines and/or value. Most people associate drawing with pencils or charcoal, but a drawing can be made with any instrument that makes a mark. When some mediums are used to create a piece of art, the result is always considered a "drawing". Charcoal and graphite pencil are examples of these. Other mediums can be drawn "with" but the resulting artwork may or may not be considered a drawing. For example, art created with a computer can be either drawn or painted.
Drawing is considered to be the foundation of all other visual art forms. Drawing students learn how to observe line, form, texture, and value and then reproduce them realistically. Once these basic skills are mastered, they can be utilized in any other visual art medium.
While imaginative or fantasy drawing is creative, realistic drawing is the best way to learn basic art skills and even very young students can learn to draw in a realistic way if they are taught how. Most children and most adults too, feel a profound sense of accomplishment when they draw any subject accurately. The skill required to draw realistically makes drawing from the imagination even more rewarding, too. It’s easier to draw the dragon you see in your mind if you know how to draw scales and flames!
3. What is colour?
Ans. - Colour is the by-product of the spectrum of light, as it is reflected or absorbed, as received by the human eye and processed by the human brain. It’s also a great design element! The world is full of light. Visible light is made of seven wavelength groups. These are the colors you see in a rainbow: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet – the Mr. ROY G. BIV you might have been introduced to in elementary school science. The reddish colours are the long wavelength
4. What is Font?
Ans. - A font is a set of printable or displayable textcharacters in a specific style and size. The type design for a set of fonts is the typefaceand variations of this design form the typeface family. Thus, Helvetica is a typeface family, Helvetica italic is a typeface, and Helvetica italic 10-point is a font. In practice, font and typeface are often used without much precision, sometimes interchangeably. An outline font is a software typeface that can generate a scalable range of font sizes. A bitmap font is a digital representation of a font that is already fixed in size or a limited set of sizes. The two most popular outline font software programs on today's computers are TrueType and Adobe's Type 1. TrueType fonts come with both Windows and Macintosh operating systems. However, Type 1 is a standard outline font (ISO 9541). Both TrueType and Type 1 fonts can be used by Adobe's PostScript printers (although Adobe says that Type 1 fonts make fuller use of the PostScript language)
5. Briefly explain laws of design.
Ans. - There are certain laws, which will govern the physical aspect of your design. These are not necessarily mutually exclusive and might overlap in many instances. Let us analyze the basic principles of design, which can be applied to a design or layout.
The basic laws of design include the following.
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· Balance
· Rhythm
· Emphasis
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· Unity
· Simplicity
· Proportion
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Objectives:
After studying this unit, you should be able to:
· Describe law of balance
· Explain Symmetrical Balance
· Explain law of rhythm
· Describe law of emphasis
· Explain Law of proportion
The law of balance
Balance refers to equalizing the weights of elements in a design. Formal balance is achieved when all the elements of a page are of equal weights and are placed symmetrically on the page. Informal balance may be achieved when the value, size and location of unequal elements on a page are changed. Balance is closely related to the natural law of gravity. There are two types of balance namely Symmetrical or formal balance and Asymmetrical or informal balance.
Symmetrical Balance
Symmetry denotes mirror image meaning one side of an image is the mirror image of the other. Balance is concerned with the distribution of visual interest, which means dealing with what is located where in a composition.
There are two systems for controlling balance, which are as follows:
Inverted Symmetry:
Inverted symmetry is where the principle of symmetry is applied with half inverted like that of playing cards.
Figure 5.1: Inverted symmetry
Biaxial Symmetry
A symmetrical composition can possess more than one axis of symmetry. Biaxial symmetry employs two axis of symmetry namely vertical and horizontal.
Figure 5.2: Biaxial symmetry
Radial Symmetry
Radial symmetry is a related concept and can utilize any number of axes due to the fact that here the images seem to radiate out from the centre like a star.
Figure 5.3: Radial symmetry
Asymmetrical Balance
Asymmetrical means without symmetry, it implies that there are no mirror images in a composition. A small visually interesting object can balance a much larger but relatively less interesting object.
Figure 5.4: Asymmetrical symmetry
The law of rhythm
Rhythm is used to create eye movement and direction. It occurs when a design element is repeated. Rhythm acts as a guide so that the eye reads important parts of a message. It is also called the denominator of the arts. Rhythm in works of art is important because it plays a vital role in our physical lives. Rhythm helps us to find order in the world.
Rhythm by repetition, progression and continuity
The artist can achieve rhythm in a number of ways, most commonly by repetition, progression and continuity. The artist can repeat something like a column in a building, the slate or a post in a garden fence, a ball of flame in the nimbus surrounding a figure cast in brass or the climbing feet in a photograph. When the artist resorts to progression in order to establish rhythm, he or she follows a plan that sets up expectations of each succeeding step. A third way achieve rhythm is by providing an easily connected and continuous flow from one form to another.
Complexities of Rhythmic Structure
Ordinarily artists use all kinds of rhythm in the same composition. They develop a combination of rhythms in any building, statue, painting or product of the crafts, planning skillfully and subtly to make them all contribute to the total effect desired. The artists thus draw heavily on the principle of rhythm to bring order and expressive power into their use of basic elements.
The law of emphasis
Emphasis or contrast adds variety to a design. It is the variations of elements in the printed product. Some elements of a layout stand out because of contrast. This is achieved by a difference in size, colour or appearance. Some of the contrasts are: round and straight, ornate and plain, broad and narrow. Various aspects such as contrasts, dominance, and isolation, floodlighting the copy with white, repetition, and radiation can bring about emphasis.
Emphasis by placement
The means by which stress is given to a shape or a quality in a work of art, whether building, statue, picture, pot or any other product are almost infinitely varied, but those most frequently encountered have to do with placement, contrast, ornamentation and action. In regard to placement, we often find an object made important merely by the position given to it in the whole arrangement.
Emphasis by contrast
Emphasis by contrast derives from many devices but that which draws on colour seems to be the most common. Contrasts of line; shape and size make for dominance of one detail over another. For example, a flower arrangement gains by placement against a quiet wall and loses by placement against a noisy screen.
Emphasis by action
Means of emphasis can be multiplied indefinitely, but the artist in actual practice combines them into organizations that vary with his intent. A composition that seems simple may in reality represent the juggling of many factors to bring them all into close relationship with each other.
The Law of Unity
Unity or harmony gives elements the appearance of belonging together. It is the proper balance of all elements to get a pleasing result as a whole. The image is viewed as one piece, as a whole, and not as separate elements. Unity implies the union of all elements in a layout, where each part supports the other parts and all combine to form an artistic homogeneous whole. It can be achieved by continuity or harmony. The element of simplicity in a design leads to easier comprehension. It is necessary, especially in a layout, to achieve clarity.
The Law of proportion
Proportion is the relationship between’ size and shape. It helps to achieve balance and unity in a layout. In order to obtain good proportion, the sizes of the elements must be regulated. Proportion is a matter of relationships namely relationships of height, width, depth and surrounding space. When the dimensions are placed together, relationships are established and it is these relationships that we judge, when we say that a table is too narrow for its length, a lampshade is out of proportion with its base and so on.
The question of scale
The amount of open space around an object creates a factor called scale. Scale too, is a matter of relationship. Note how frequently the principle of proportion figures in daily life. We go downtown to buy a lamp for an end table in the living room. In the high-ceiling showroom, we find one which pleases us and we buy it. We carry it home and set it up in our small living room only to discover that it now looks very large and clumsy. We have not changed the lamp a bit but we have changed its relationship to its surroundings and thrown it out of scale.
Static proportion and its compositional role
Certain generalities still hold regarding effectiveness of proportions. When height and width or height, width and depth are all the same, the relationship is obvious and for that reason less interesting than dimensions which offer the surprise of the unexpected or the fascination of the subtle. For example, we can equalize the rhythmic sequence of images evoked in a poem by disposing around an invisible square, the succession of miniature incidents.
Correcting proportional defects
Sometimes it becomes necessary, in art as in life, to work with a disagreeable proportion, which is unavoidable. Line can be employed in clothing to disguise undesirable proportions, while vertical stripes for the attire of an overly bulky person and horizontal stripes for the attire of a person overly tall and slender. The principle of proportions goes hand-in- hand with the principles of balance, emphasis, rhythm, hand-in-hand, in fact with any principle.
Typographical oriented design
Design is fundamentally about communication, and, for all the power of images, words remain at the core of how we communicate. Typography is the practice of visually representing words. Type conveys meaning, both in the obvious sense that words and sentences communicate, and in the subtler sense of the particular visual representation that we use such as style, size, and so on affecting the message. All the effort you put into our text, both in terms of content and presentation has a direct effect on the meaning of the message you convey. This is one of the most basic precepts of typography.The IBM logo is an interesting example of how type gains meaning. Many of us see this familiar logo and think the horizontal lines are there to convey the idea that IBM makes computers. But, as it turns out, the lines are there for very different reasons: They lighten up what would otherwise be a very heavy logo while suggesting the company’s authority and reliability by evoking the anti-forgery lines of financial documents. In fact, they signify "computer" to us only because of their use in the logo of a huge, highly visible computer company.
Figure 5.5: IBM logo
Unlike associational meaning, which is dependent on culture and history, visual communication comes into play on a basic human level. Hard edges evoke different emotional responses compared to soft edges. Ornamentation, such as elaborate serifs or uneven edges, will give a different feel than sparse, unadorned letterforms. Other differences abound, including shape, thickness, color, variation, symmetry, and so on.
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