B.Sc. IT BT0064 (Semester 1, Logic Design) Assignment

Spring 2012

Bachelor of Science in Information Technology (BScIT) – Semester 1/

Diploma in Information Technology (DIT) – Semester 1

BT0064 – Logic Design – 4 Credits (Book ID: B0948)

Assignment Set – 1 (60 Marks)

1. Convert the following octal numbers to base 10.

Ans. -  Octal Numbers                                    Base 10

a)      273                                          187

b)      1021                                        529

2. Convert the following decimal numbers to base 2:

Ans. -  Decimal Numbers                   Base 2

a)      122                                          1111010

b)      98                                            1100010

3. List out the fundamental logical gates.

Ans. -  There are three types of fundamental logical gates…..

a.       AND

b.      OR

c.       NOT

6. Minimize the following functions using Quine-McCluskey tabular method:

 a.   

 b. 

                                        (with don’t care terms 2,7,13,22,23)
Answer:
a. F =  A'B'C' + B'D + BCD' + AC + ABD'
b. F =  ACD + B'CE + A'B'D'E + A'C'D'E' + AB'D'E' + BC'DE + BCE' + ABC'E

7.What is Multiplexer? Draw the logic diagram of 8 to 1 line multiplexer.

Ans.-   A multiplexer or mux (occasionally the term muldex is also found, for a combination multiplexer-demultiplexer) is a device that performs multiplexing; it selects one of many analog or digital input signals and outputs that into a single line.

An electronic multiplexer makes it possible for several signals to share one expensive device or other resource, for example one A/D converter or one communication line, instead of having one device per input signal.

An electronic multiplexer can be considered as a multiple-input, single-output switch. The schematic symbol for a multiplexer is an isosceles trapezoid with the longer parallel side containing the input pins and the short parallel side containing the output pin.

                                              8-to-1 Multiplexer

8.What is comparator? Design the combinational circuit that will compare two bits A and B and produce 3 outputs A>B, A=B, A<B.

Ans.-   A digital comparator is a hardware electronic device that compares two numbers in binary form and generates a one or a zero at its output depending on whether they are the same or not. Comparators can be used in a central processing unit (CPU) or microcontroller in branching software. A comparator can be simulated by subtracting the two values (A & B) in question and checking if the result is zero. This works because if A = B then A - B = 0.

The analog equivalent is the comparator. Many microcontrollers have analog comparators on some of their inputs that can be read or trigger an interrupt.

The operation of a single bit digital comparator can be expressed as a truth table: Inputs Outputs

A         B         A < B  A = B  A > B

0          0          0          1          0         

0          1         1         0         0        

 1         0         0         0         1        

 1         1         0         1         0

The operation of a two bit digital comparator can be expressed as a truth table: Inputs Outputs

A1       A0      B1      B0      A < B A = B A > B

0          0          0          0          0          1          0         

0          0          0          1          1          0          0         

0          0         1         0         1          0          0         

0          0          1          1          1          0         0        

0          1         0         0         0         0         1        

0          1         0         1         0         1         0         

0          1         1          0         1         0         0        

0          1          1         1         1         0          0         

1          0         0         0          0         0         1        

1          0          0          1         0         0         1        

1          0          1         0         0         1         0        

1          0          1         1         1         0         0        

1          1          0         0         0          0         1        

1          1          0         1         0         0         1        

1          1                      1         0         0          0         

1          1          1          1         0         1         0

9.Define sequential circuits.

Ans.-   A digital logic circuit or system is usually made up of combinational elements such as NAND and NOR gates and memory elements which may, for example, be discrete flip-flops or latches. Alternatively, an interconnection of these devices may be found in a shift register, a counter, or in a variety of MSI and LSI packages. With the introduction of memory elements as components in digital systems, an additional variable, time, has been introduced and must be taken into account when designing digital systems.

10.Explain practical concepts and applications of DAC.

Ans.-   In electronics, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC or D-to-A) is a device that converts a digital (usually binary) code to an analog signal (current, voltage, or electric charge). An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) performs the reverse operation. Signals are easily stored and transmitted in digital form, but a DAC is needed for the signal to be recognized by human senses or other non-digital systems.

A common use of digital-to-analog converters is generation of audio signals from digital information in music players. Digital video signals are converted to analog in televisions and cell phones to display colors and shades. Digital-to-analog conversion can degrade a signal, so conversion details are normally chosen so that the errors are negligible.

Due to cost and the need for matched components, DACs are almost exclusively manufactured on integrated circuits (ICs). There are many DAC architectures which have different advantages and disadvantages. The suitability of a particular DAC for an application is determined by a variety of measurements including speed and resolution.

  

Spring 2012

Bachelor of Science in Information Technology (BScIT) – Semester 1/

Diploma in Information Technology (DIT) – Semester 1

BT0064 – Logic Design – 4 Credits (Book ID: B0948)

Assignment Set – 2 (60 Marks)

1.Convert the following hexadecimal numbers to base 10:

Ans.-   hexadecimal numbers              base 10

a)      145                                          325

b)      A2C1                                      41665

2.What are universal gates? Why they are called so?

Ans.-   Universal gates are the ones from which we can design other gates also. for eg. NAND and NOR gates. they help in forming the uniformity in the circuits.

4. Implement a 8:1 MUX using 4:1 MUX.

Ans. -  Function Implementation using an 8:1 Mux

The Mux inputs can be read directly from the truth table.

Function Implementation using a 4:1 Mux

Implementation the same function below using a 4:1 Mux+ an inverter. By manipulation the truth table, we can write F=0, 1, C and NOT C in a four-row truth table. Then, we can use a 4:1 Mux and a single inverter to implement the function.

5. Draw and explain the working of JK, S-R, and D flip flops.

Ans.-   Set-Reset flip-flops (SR flip-flops):-

The symbol for an SR latch

The most fundamental latch is the simple SR latch (or simple SR flip-flop), where S and R stand for set and reset respectively. It can be constructed from a pair of cross-coupled NOR (negative OR) logic gates. The stored bit is present on the output marked Q. Normally, in storage mode, the S and R inputs are both low, and feedback maintains the Q and Q outputs in a constant state, with Q the complement of Q. If S (Set) is pulsed high while R is held low, then the Q output is forced high, and stays high even after S returns low; similarly, if R (Reset) is pulsed high while S is held low, then the Q output is forced low, and stays low even after R returns low.

JK flip-flop:-

JK flip-flop timing diagram

The JK flip-flop augments the behavior of the SR flip-flop (J=Set, K=Reset) by interpreting the S = R = 1 condition as a "flip" or toggle command. Specifically, the combination J = 1, K = 0 is a command to set the flip-flop; the combination J = 0, K = 1 is a command to reset the flip-flop; and the combination J = K = 1 is a command to toggle the flip-flop, i.e., change its output to the logical complement of its current value. Setting J = K = 0 does NOT result in a D flip-flop, but rather, will hold the current state. To synthesize a D flip-flop, simply set K equal to the complement of J. The JK flip-flop is therefore a universal flip-flop, because it can be configured to work as an SR flip-flop, a D flip-flop, or a T flip-flop. NOTE: The flip flop is positive edge triggered (Clock Pulse) as seen in the timing diagram.

A circuit symbol for a JK flip-flop, where > is the clock input, J and K are data inputs, Q is the stored data output, and Q' is the inverse of Q. The characteristic equation of the JK flip-flop is: 

and the corresponding truth table is:

The origin of the name for the JK flip-flop is detailed by P. L. Lindley, a JPL engineer, in a letter to EDN, an electronics design magazine. The letter is dated June 13, 1968, and was published in the August edition of the newsletter.

D flip-flop:-

D flip-flop symbol

The Q output always takes on the state of the D input at the moment of a rising clock edge or at the moment of the falling clock edge but not both at the falling and rising edges and never at any other time. It is called the D flip-flop for this reason, since the output takes the value of the D input or Data input, and Delays it by one clock count. The D flip-flop can be interpreted as a primitive memory cell, zero-order hold, or delay line. Truth table:

('X' denotes a Don't care condition, meaning the signal is irrelevant)

These flip flops are very useful, as they form the basis for shift registers, which are an essential part of many electronic devices. The advantage of the D flip-flop over the D-type latch is that it "captures" the signal at the moment the clock goes high, and subsequent changes of the data line do not influence Q until the next rising clock edge. An exception is that some flip-flops have a 'reset' signal input, which will reset Q (to zero), and may be either asynchronous or synchronous with the clock.

7. Explain the working principle of 4 bit Johnson counter with a neat diagram.

Ans. -  In the 4-bit counter to the right, we are using edge-triggered master-slave flip-flops similar to those in the Sequential portion of these pages. The output of each flip-flop changes state on the falling edge (1-to-0 transition) of the T input.

            The count held by this counter is read the reverse order from the order in which the flip-flops are triggered. Thus, output D is the high order of the count, while output A is the low order. The binary count held by the counter is then DCBA, and runs from 0000 (decimal 0) to 1111(decimal 15). The next clock pulse will cause the counter to try to increment to 10000 (decimal 16). However, that 1 bit is not held by any flip-flop and is therefore lost. As a result, the counter actually reverts to 0000, and the count begins again.

In future pages on counters, we will use a different input scheme, as shown to the left. Instead of changing the state of the input clock with each click, you will send one complete clock pulse to the counter when you click the input button. The button image will reflect the state of the clock pulse, and the counter image will be updated at the end of the pulse. For a clear view without taking excessive time, each clock pulse has a duration or pulse width of 300 ms (0.3 second). The demonstration system will ignore any clicks the occur within the duration of the pulse.

8.Explain temperature and weather forecast system with a neat circuit diagram.

Ans.-   The following circuit design satisfies these requirements. I selected the INA122 instrumentation amp for several reasons: it eliminated several external resistors and it provides a very stable gain over a wide temperature. It also provides excellent rail-to-rail operation allowing full use of the 10 volt input range of the DS2438. The 40.2K ohm resistor sets the gain to 10. The variable resistor allows adjustment of the offset voltage from 2.0v to 4.0v. All parts are available from Digikey except the pressure sensor, which is available from Newark.

9.Explain the functioning of digital multimeter.

Ans. -  Multimeters are designed and mass produced for electronics engineers. Even the simplest and cheapest types may include features which you are not likely to use. Digital meters give an output in numbers, usually on a liquid crystal display.

            The diagram below shows a switched range multimeter

10. Write a short note on ADC.

Ans. -  An analog-to-digital converters an electronic integrated circuit, which converters continuous signals to discrete digital numbers.

            Typically, an ADC is an electronic device that converter an input analog voltage to a digital number. The digital output may be using different coding schemes, such as binary, gray code or two’s complement binary. However, some non electronic or only partially electronic devices, such as rotary encoders, can also be considered ADCs.

            Resolution can also be defined electrically, and expressed in volts. The coltage resolution of an ADC is equal to it’s over all voltage measurement range divided by the number of discrete intervals as in the formula:

Where:

Q is resolution in volts per step (volts per output code)

EFSR is the full scale voltage=VRefHi-Vreflo and M is the ADC’s resolution in bits.

The number of intervals is given by the number of available levels (output code),

Which is: N=2M

Example:-

Full scale measurement range = 0 to 10 volts

ADC resolution is 12 bits: 212 = 4096 quantization level (codes)

ADC voltage resolution is: (10V-0V)/4096 codes = 0.00244 volts/code

2.44 mV/code.

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B.Sc. IT BT0062 (Semester 1, Fundamentals of IT) Assignment

Semester - I

BT0062 - Fundamentals of IT

4 - Credits (Book ID - B0946)

Assignment Set - 1

1. How computers are useful in data generation?

Ans.-   Every day, people use computers in new ways. Computers are increasingly affordable; they continue to be more powerful as information-processing tools as well as easier to use.

Computers in Business: One of the first and largest applications of computers is keeping and managing business and financial records. Most large companies keep the employment records of all their workers in large databases that are managed by computer programs.

Computers in Medicine: Information technology plays an important role in medicine. For example, a scanner takes a series of pictures of the body by means of Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) or Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI). A computer then combines the pictures to produce detailed three-dimensional images of the body's organs. In addition, the MRI produces images that show changes in body chemistry and blood flow.

Computers in Science and Engineering: Using supercomputers, meteorologists predict future weather by using a combination of observations of weather conditions from many sources, a mathematical representation of the behavior of the atmosphere, and geographic data.

Integrated Information Systems: With today's sophisticated hardware, software, and communications technologies, it is often difficult to classify a system as belonging uniquely to one specific application program. Organizations increasingly are consolidating their information needs into a single, integrated information system. One example is SAP, a German software package that runs on mainframe computers and provides an enterprise-wide solution for information technologies. It is a powerful database that enables companies to organize all their data into a single database, then choose only the program modules or tables they want. The freestanding modules are customized to fit each customer's needs.

2. Briefly explain the advantages and disadvantages of laptops.

Ans. -                                                 

Advantages:-

Portability:-The number one reason why people buy laptops is because they can take it anywhere. If you constantly have to go on trips, a laptop will be very useful. Your own laptop will have all your e-mail, software’s, presentations, sales material etc. you can store all of this and much more information that you constantly need, on your laptop without any problems.

Size & Weight: - Laptops are compact. The single laptop contains, your monitor, CPU, speakers, keyboard, mouse and everything else a normal computer contains. If you do not have place at home or have little space on your office desk. If your situation is such that you do not have space to accommodate another computer, then it would be good to go in for laptop.

Un-interrupted power supply: - It can be charged with battery and it will stay on so long as the battery has charge. So, if you act wisely, and keep your laptop charged, you will never have the problem on not being able to work on your laptop because the lights have gone.

                                                           

Disadvantages:-

Technology: - Because a laptop is pretty compact, some of the recent technology that’s been developed for desktops successfully fitted into laptops. So laptops are always a step behind desktops when it comes to capability and efficiency. However, the laptop market is growing and this situation is fast changing.

Comfort: - You will have to get used to using a mouse pad instead of a mouse. Your keyboard and your monitor are connected, so when you type your face will close to the monitor. You will not get “sub-woofer” quality sound, unless you externally connect your laptop to a sub-woofer.

Upgrading: - If you’re planning on adding stuff onto your computer, get yourself a desktop and not a laptop. Upgrading a laptop is not impossible. But, anybody who knows anything about computers will tell you that it’s impractical to purchase a laptop with the intention of upgrading it. It’s often impossible to add stuff like RAM and HDD without sending the entire piece back to the manufacturer. Even if you do decide to upgrade, you are limited in the selection of extra equipment; most laptops require you to install parts manufactured by the same company.

3. Convert the following from binary to decimal:

Ans. -  Binary                                  Decimal

    a) 11111                                   31

    b) 10110                                  22

    c) 11001                                  25

   d) 00101                                   5

4. What is Arithmetic Logic Unit? How it is helpful in CPU?

Ans. - An Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and logical operations. The ALU is a fundamental building block of the central processing unit of a computer, and even the simplest microprocessors contain one for purposed such as maintaining timers. The processors found inside modern CPUs and graphics processing units (GPUs) accommodate very powerful and very complex ALUs; a single component may contain a number of ALUs.

Typically, the ALU has direct input and output access to the processor controller, main memory (random access memory or RAM in a personal computer), and input/output devices. Inputs and outputs flow along an electronic path that is called a bus. The input consists of an instruction word (sometimes called a machine instruction word) that contains an operation code (sometimes called an "op code"), one or more operands, and sometimes a format code. The operation code tells the ALU what operation to perform and the operands are used in the operation. (For example, two operands might be added together or compared logically.) The format may be combined with the op code and tells, for example, whether this is a fixed-point or a floating-point instruction. The output consists of a result that is placed in a storage register and settings that indicate whether the operation was performed successfully.

5. What is decimal number system?

Ans. -  In this ten symbols are used to represent the numbers and hence it is called Decimal number system. The ten symbols are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. These are called Arabic numerals.

            It is necessary to learn only the 10 basic numerals and the positional notational system in order to measure any desired quantity or to count any required figure. After memorizing the addition and multiplication tables and learning a few simple rules, we can perform all arithmetic operations.

6. How do you convert fractional decimal value to binary numbers? 

Ans. -  When converting a fractional decimal value to binary, we need to use a slightly different approach. Instead of dividing by 2, we repeatedly multiply the decimal fraction by 2. If the results are greater than or equal to 1, we add a 1 to our answer. If the result is less than 1, we add a 0 to our answer.

.375 Answer :    0._ _ _	We can convert the decimal fraction 0.375 to binary by                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    repeatedly multiplying 0.375 by 2. If our product is greater or equal to 1, we add a “1” to our answer. Otherwise we add a “0”
.375x2=0.750 Answer :    0.0 _ _	First, we multiply 0.375 by 2 to find the most significant digit. Since our result is less than 1, the most significant digit in our answer is “0”
.372x2=0.750 .375x2=1.500 Answer :    0.01 _	Next, we take the fractional part of our previous result and multiply by 2 again. Now the result is greater than 1, so the next digit of our answer is “1”
.372x2=0.750 .375x2=1.500 .500x2=1.000 Answer :    0.011	Again we take the fractional part of our previous result and multiply by 2. This time our result is exactly 1, so the least significant digit is “1”. Since the fractional part of our result is 0, this is the last multiplication needed to find our answer.
Integer    Fraction 0                            .750 1                            .500 2                            .000 Answer : 0.011	We can also organize this conversion in table from as we did with repeated divisions. But this time, we read from top to bottom for a final answer of “0.011”

7. Write a short note on new features of Windows XP.

Ans.-   1. New Windows engine: The heart of both versions of Windows XP is the robust and reliable kernel introduced in Windows 2000. With its fully protected memory model, tightly integrated security, and a hardware abstraction layer (HAL) that protects key system components from poorly written programs, Windows XP is far less likely to crash in everyday use.

2. Robust system protection tools: A common source of problems in previous Windows versions is "DLL hell" – the irritating instability that results when poorly written applications replace crucial system files with outdated or incorrect versions. Windows XP monitors these crucial system files, preserving the correct version of the system file while allowing the program just installed to use its own DLL file. For additional protection, use the System Restore utility (shown in Figure 2) to create a snapshot of system files and settings so that one can "roll back" to a previous configuration when a new application or device driver causes problems.

3. Device driver rollback: Windows XP protects from driver-related woes by giving warning, when someone tries to install an unsigned driver that has not been certified as compatible with Windows XP. It also offers the capability to uninstall a driver and restore the previous version – from Safe Mode, if necessary.

 4. Security features: Password-protected logins and the ability to set permissions on files and folders make it possible to share a PC with others without allowing them to install unwelcome software or delete important files. A friendly Welcome screen and easy-to-use administrative tools make it especially easy to set up a shared PC at home or in a small office, with each user having a customized desktop and Start menu, plus secure access to protected files.

5. 3-D windows and buttons: On choosing the Windows XP style, windows and buttons take on a 3-D appearance with rounded edges and sleek shadows. In addition, there will be subtle shifts in color as the mouse pointer passes over buttons, tabs, and other interface elements, much the same as those that characterize hot spots on a Web page.

6. Friendly Welcome screen: As the administrator of a Windows XP machine, one can define a user account for each person allowed to use that computer. The Welcome screen lists each authorized user; each user clicks his or her name and enters a password to jump to a personalized desktop and unlock access to private files. On a shared PC, one can switch between users without having to close down running programs or stop a download.

7. Start menu improvements. The redesigned Windows XP Start menu, shown in Figure 3, uses two columns instead of one, it organizes shortcuts to the programs that are used most often, to locations where the personal files are stored, and to system folders and tools.

8. List out the differences between multi-user and single-user operating systems.

Ans. -  Multi-user Operating Systems: - The operating systems of this type allow multiple users to access a computer system concurrently. Time-sharing system can be classified as multi-user systems as they enable a multiple user to gain access to a computer the sharing of time.

            Single-user Operating Systems:- Single-user operating systems, as opposed to a multi-user operating system, are usable by a single user at a time. Being able to have multiple accounts on a Windows operating system does not make it a multi-user system. Rather, only the network administrator is the real user.

9. Distinguish between application and system software.

Ans.-   System Software:- The programs and the file that comprises the operating system are called system software. These files include configuration files, system preferences, system services, libraries of functions and the drivers for the hardware installed on the computer. The computer programs in system software include compilers, system utilities, assemblers, debuggers and file management tools.

Once you install the operating system, the system software is also installed. Program such “Software update” or “Windows update” can be used to update the system software. However, the end user does not run the system software. For example, while using the web browser, you don’t need to use the assembler program.

System software is also called low-level software as it runs at most basic level of the computer. It just creates a graphical user interface thorough which the user can interact with hardware with the help of operating system. System software just runs at the back so you don’t need to bother about it.

The system software provides an environment to run application software and it controls the computer as well as the applications installed on the machine.

Application software:- The subclass of a computer program which utilizes the capabilities of computer is called application software. Application here means the application software and the implementation. The example of application software programs includes media players, spreadsheets and word processors. When multiple applications are packaged together then it is called application suite.

There is a common user interface in each application suite which makes it easier for the user to learn different applications. In some cases, such as Microsoft Office, the various application programs have the ability to interact with each other. This facility is very handy for the user. For example, a user can embed the spreadsheet in a word processor using the application software. Application software cannot run without the presence of system software.

 10. Explain different types of media with examples.

Ans.-   There are five types of media….

1.Text:- Out of all the elements, text has the most impact on the quality of the multimedia title. Generally, text the important information. But too much text on a page can be a detriment. Readers will soon head for the nearest exit button. About 4 or 5 sentences per screen work well. In student developed multimedia, text acts as the keystone tying all of the other media elements together.

2.Graphics:- Graphics are visual presentations on some surface, such as a wall, canvas, screen, paper, or stone to brand, inform, illustrate, or entertain. Graphics word is derived from the word graph. A graph has x and y axis. Same way something which is created in digital word is seen on a digital screen, this screen also has x and y axis. So the output on any digital device is termed as graphics. In other words an image that is generated by a computer called graphics. The pictorial representation and manipulation of data, as used in computer-aided design and manufacture, in typesetting and the graphic arts, and in educational and recreational programs.

Examples are photographs, drawings, Line Art, graphs, diagrams, typography, numbers, symbols, geometric designs, maps, engineering drawings, or other images. Graphics often combine text, illustration, and color. Graphic design may consist of the deliberate selection, creation, or arrangement of typography alone, as in a brochure, flier, poster, web site, or book without any other element. Clarity or effective communication may be the objective, association with other cultural elements may be sought, or merely, the creation of a distinctive style.

Graphics can be functional or artistic. The latter can be a recorded version, such as a photograph, or an interpretation by a scientist to highlight essential features, or an artist, in which case the distinction with imaginary graphics may become blurred.

3.Sound:-        Sound is a mechanical wave that is an oscillation of pressure transmitted through a solid, liquid, or gas, composed of frequencies within the range of hearing and of a level sufficiently strong to be heard, or the sensation stimulated in organs of hearing by such vibrations.

4.Animation:- Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D or 3-D artwork or model positions to create an illusion of movement. The effect is an optical illusion of motion due to the phenomenon of persistence of vision, and can be created and demonstrated in several ways. The most common method of presenting animation is as a motion picture or video program, although there are other methods.

5.Video:-         footage is the raw, unedited material as it had been originally filmed by movie camera or recorded by a video camera which usually must be edited to create a motion picture, video clip, television show or similar completed work. More loosely, footage can also refer to all sequences used in film and video editing, such as special effects and archive material (for special cases of this, see stock footage and B roll). Since the term originates in film, footage is only used for recorded images, such as film stock, videotapes or digitized clips – on live television, the signals from video cameras are called sources instead.

The origin of the term "footage" is that early 35 mm silent film has traditionally been measured in feet and frames; the fact that film was measured by length in cutting rooms, and that there are 16 frames (4-perf film format) in a foot of 35 mm film which roughly represented 1 second of silent film, made footage a natural unit of measure for film. The term then became used figuratively to describe moving image material of any kind.

Assignment - 2

1.How do you insert a symbol in a Word document?

Ans.-  

1.      Click where you want to insert the symbol.

2.   On the Insert tab, in the Symbols group, click Symbol.

3.   Do one of the following:

• Click the symbol that you want in the drop-down list.
• If the symbol that you want to insert is not in the list, click More Symbols. In the Font box, click the font that you want, click the symbol that you want to insert, and then click Insert.

 Note   If you are using an expanded font, such as Arial or Times New Roman, the Subset list appears. Use this list to choose from an extended list of language characters, including Greek and Russian (Cyrillic), if available.

4.   Click Close.

2.Write the procedure to create tables.

Ans.-   Using this option you can draw a table using the drawing tool. To use this option click on to Table option available in menu bar. From the resulting menu click on to Draw Table option you will get the drawing table as shown in Fig. 1. Use this tool to draw the table of your requirement as shown in Fig.2.

Fig.-1

Fig.-2

3.Write the truth tables of OR, AND, NOT gates.

Ans.-   OR Gate’s truth table

Inputs X                                       Y	Output Z
0                                        0	0
1                                        0	1
0                                        1	1
1                                        1	1

AND Gate’s truth table

Inputs X                                       Y	Output Z
0                                        0	0
1                                        0	0
0                                        1	0
1                                        1	1

NOT Gate’s truth table

Inputs X	Output Z
0	1
1	0

4. What do you mean by absolute cell addressing?

Ans.-   Consider the example shown below where if fixed value 50 as handling charges is required to be added to Total1 and you will get Total2. The formula in E2 as shown in Formula bar is =D2+B7.

In cell E3 and E4 we want to have the similar formula as in E2 and if now the formula in formula cell E2 is copied to E3 and E4 as discussed earlier, E3 will have the formula as =D3+B8 and E4 will have the formula as =D4+B9 so we will get Total2 corresponding to Pencil and Pen Box as shown below which is not correct. Since no value is present in cell B8 and B9, zero is added to the contents of cell D3 and D4.

To add the contents of cell B7 to the contents of D3 and D4 while copying the formula from the formula cell, you have to make an address constant or absolute so that regardless of wherever it is copied, it (B7) remains the same. This is called absolute addressing. It is done by typing a dollar sign ($) before both the column name and row number in the formula cell as shown below:

$Column name$Row number

Thus to change the contents formula cell E2, double click at the cell address E2 and change the formula to D2+$B$7, then copy the formula to cell E3 and E4.The Fig. No. 13 shows the changed formula and the Fig. No. 14 shows the result after copying the formula cell. 

5. Give the syntax of if(), sumif(), countif().

Ans.-   IF():- The function is used to determine whether a condition is true or false. Value one is returned if the condition is true, and different value is returned if the condition is false. Syntax: = IF (Condition, true action, false action)

            Sumif():- SUMIF is used to total a range of numeric cells based on a condition. Syntax : =SUMIF ( range to check, criteria, range to total)

            COUNTIF():- This function gives the count of number of cells which satisfies the condition. All the above mentioned functions can be implemented with the help of Paste Function button which is on the Menu Bar.

Follow the steps mentioned below:

1) Select the cell in which you want to have the function.

2) Click the left mouse button on the Paste functionbutton which is on the Standard tool bar. You will get the screen as shown in Figure 41.

3) Select the function which you want to implement say Average().

4) You will get the screen as shown in Fig. No. 42. Here select the range of which you want to find the Average() say C7:C10

6.What is AUTO SUM?

Ans.-   Auto SUM:-  This is used to total a range of numeric cells. This icon is available in Standard toolbar. To use this icon, select the numeric cells of which you want to find the sum and click on the auto sum icon.

7.What are the different views of presentation?

Ans.-   You can have different views of your presentation.

   

1. Normal View: Click on this you will get normal view.

2. Outline View: Click on this to get Outline view as shown Fig. 9.44

3. Slide View: Click on this to get a view as shown in Fig. 9.45.

4. Slide Sorter view: Click on this to get the view as shown in Fig. 9.46.  5. Slide show: This takes you to the slide show.

8.What is media?

Ans.-   In general, "media" refers to various means of communication. For example, television, radio, and the newspaper are different types of media. The term can also be used as a collective noun for the press or news reporting agencies. In the computer world, "media" is also used as a collective noun, but refers to different types of data storage options.

Computer media can be hard drives, removable drives (such as Zip disks), CD-ROM or CD-R discs, DVDs, flash memory, USB drives, and yes, floppy disks. For example, if you want to bring your pictures from your digital camera into a photo processing store, they might ask you what kind of media your pictures are stored on. Are they on the flash memory card inside your camera or are they on a CD or USB drive? For this and many other reasons, it is helpful to have a basic understanding of what the different types of media are.

9.Describe the applications of multimedia.

Ans.-   Multimedia finds its application in various areas including, but not limited to, advertisements, art, education, entertainment, engineering, medicine, mathematics, business, scientific research and spatial temporal applications. Several examples are as follows:

Creative industries:-  Creative industries use multimedia for a variety of purposes ranging from fine arts, to entertainment, to commercial art, to journalism, to media and software services provided for any of the industries listed below. An individual multimedia designer may cover the spectrum throughout their career. Request for their skills range from technical, to analytical, to creative.

Commercial uses:-     Much of the electronic old and new media used by commercial artists is multimedia. Exciting presentations are used to grab and keep attention in advertising. Business to business, and interoffice communications are often developed by creative services firms for advanced multimedia presentations beyond simple slide shows to sell ideas or liven-up training. Commercial multimedia developers may be hired to design for governmental services and nonprofit services applications as well.

           Entertainment and fine arts:-          In addition, multimedia is heavily used in the entertainment industry, especially to develop special effects in movies and animations. Multimedia games are a popular pastime and are software programs available either as CD-ROMs or online. Some video games also use multimedia features. Multimedia applications that allow users to actively participate instead of just sitting by as passive recipients of information are called Interactive Multimedia. In the Arts there are multimedia artists, whose minds are able to blend techniques using different media that in some way incorporates interaction with the viewer. One of the most relevant could be Peter Greenaway who is melding Cinema with Opera and all sorts of digital media. Another approach entails the creation of multimedia that can be displayed in a traditional fine arts arena, such as an art gallery. Although multimedia display material may be volatile, the survivability of the content is as strong as any traditional media. Digital recording material may be just as durable and infinitely reproducible with perfect copies every time.

             Education:-    In Education, multimedia is used to produce computer-based training courses (popularly called CBTs) and reference books like encyclopedia and almanacs. A CBT lets the user go through a series of presentations, text about a particular topic, and associated illustrations in various information formats. Edutainment is an informal term used to describe combining education with entertainment, especially multimedia entertainment.

             Learning theory in the past decade has expanded dramatically because of the introduction of multimedia. Several lines of research have evolved (e.g. Cognitive load, Multimedia learning, and the list goes on). The possibilities for learning and instruction are nearly endless.

            Journalism:-   Newspaper companies all over are also trying to embrace the new phenomenon by implementing its practices in their work. While some have been slow to come around, other major newspapers like The New York Times, USA Today and The Washington Post are setting the precedent for the positioning of the newspaper industry in a globalized world.

            News reporting is not limited to traditional media outlets. Freelance journalists can make use of different new media to produce multimedia pieces for their news stories. It engages global audiences and tells stories with technology, which develops new communication techniques for both media producers and consumers. Common Language Project is an example of this type of multimedia journalism production.

10.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Internet.

Ans.-   The advantages of Internet:- Following are the advantages provided by the Internet:

1) Information the biggest benefit offered by the Internet is information. It functions as a valuable resource of information. You can find any type of information on any subject with the help of the search engines like Yahoo and Google.

2) Communication The primary goal of the Internet is communication. It has done extremely well in this field, however the development process is still going on to make it more dependable and quick. By sending an e-mail, we can contact a person who is physically present thousand miles away within the fraction of a second’s time.

3) Entertainment Internet functions as a popular medium of entertainment. A wide variety of entertainment including video games, music, movies, chat room, news and others can be accessed through the Internet.

4) E-commerce E-commerce is the idea that is implemented for any form of commercial strategy or business transactions that entails transmission of data from one corner of the world to another. E-commerce has become a fantastic option through which you can shop anything.

5) Formation of communities Internet helps in formation of communities or forums. Here a number of people can participate in different types of debates and discussions, express their views and gather valuable knowledge.

6) Services A variety of services are offered via Internet, for example job searching, online banking, buying movie tickets, hotel reservations and consultation services etc. When you avail these services offline, they become more expensive.

The disadvantages of Internet:- Following are the disadvantages of Internet:

1) Spamming: Spamming denotes distribution of unsolicited e-mails in large numbers. They are meaningless and they unnecessarily block the whole system. These activities are treated as illegal.

2) Theft of personal details while using the Internet, there is high probability that your personal details like name, address and credit card number may be accessed by con artists and used for fraudulent purposes.

3) Pornography: Pornography is definitely harmful for your children. There are numerous pornographic sites available over the Internet and watching any of those can have very bad influence on the mental health of your children.

4) Virus threat Virus is a program that interrupts the usual operation of your personal computer system. PCs linked to the Internet have high probability of virus attacks and as a result of this your hard disk can crash, giving you a lot of trouble.

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